| Penulis/Author |
Prof. dr. Indah Kartika Murni, M.Kes., Sp.A(K)., Ph.D. (1); dr. Vicka Oktaria, M.P.H., Ph.D (2) ; David T McCarthy (3); ENDAH SUPRIYATI (4); Prof. dr. Titik Nuryastuti, M.Si., Ph.D., Sp.MK(K). (5); Amanda Handley (6); Celeste M Donato (7); Bayu Satria Wiratama, M.P.H., Ph.D (8); Rizka Dinari, S.Gz., MPH (9); Dr. dr. Ida Safitri Laksanawati, Sp.A(K) (10); Prof. dr. Jarir At Thobari, DPharm, Ph.D. (11); Julie E. Bines (12) |
| Abstrak/Abstract |
Background: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) surveillance has been proposed as an early warning system (EWS) for community SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
However, there is limited data from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to assess the ability of WBE surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2 in formal and informal environments in Indonesia using different methods of sample collection, to compare WBE data with patterns of clinical cases of COVID-19 within the relevant communities, and to assess the WBE potential to be used as an EWS for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks within a community.
Materials and methods: We conducted WBE surveillance in three districts in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, over eleven months (27 July 2021 to 7 January 2022 [Delta wave]; 18 January to 3 June 2022 [Omicron wave]). Water samples using grab, and/or passive sampling methods and soil samples were collected either weekly or fortnightly. RNA was extracted from membrane filters from processed water samples and directly from soil. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the SARS-CoV-2
N and ORF1ab genes.
Results: A total of 1,582 samples were collected. Detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater reflected the incidence of community cases, with rates of 85% at the peak to 2% at the end of the Delta wave and from 94% to 11% during the Omicron wave. A 2-week lag time was observed between the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and increasing cases in the corresponding community.
Conclusion: WBE surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia was effective in monitoring patterns of cases of COVID-19 and served as an early warning system, predicting the increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases in the community. |
