| Abstrak/Abstract |
Cancer remains a significant global challenge, affecting millions, but progress has been made in understanding its development and advancement. The discovery of cancer drugs focuses on identifying "new dimension" hallmarks of cancer, such as phenotypic plasticity, senescence, polymorphic microbiota, and non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming. These elements are crucial in tumor development and treatment. Recent small molecule anticancer drugs target these characteristics and are currently undergoing preclinical testing, clinical trials, and approval. This review aids in developing strategies for cancer treatment. This review examines pharmacological agents aimed at the new dimension hallmarks of cancer, specifically those that address phenotypic plasticity, such as dedifferentiation, blocked differentiation, and trans-differentiation. Drugs that eliminate senescent cells are categorized as senolytic and senomorphic agents. This review analyzes microbial metabolites that could affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, specifically those derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Drugs targeting non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming encompass DNA methylation inhibitors, histone modification modulators, BET inhibitors, and chromatin remodeling complexes. This review contributes to the development and exploration of strategies aimed at overcoming challenges in cancer treatment. This will lead to improved outcomes for patients and a more optimistic future in cancer treatment. |
