| Abstrak/Abstract |
Landslides occur in different topographic and geologic settings and cause great socio-economic losses. Landslide occurrence may increase apparently due to the expansion of human settlements to unstable hill-slope areas as an impact of population pressure. Landslide mitigation efforts may be carried out both structurally and non-structurally. The implementation of mitigation measures for landslide disaster usually focuses on avoiding mass movement, diverting the moving mass away from vulnerable elements or building reinforcement to protect the threatened elements. However, the importance of a monitoring and early warning system can increase when the mass movement mitigation work is considered expensive. This research describes the current progress of a mitigation effort in terms of the implementation of a monitoring and warning system against landslide disasters.
An adaptive and sustained landslide early warning system (LEWS) has been implemented in several hazard prone areas in Indonesia and Myanmar, including the establishment of collaboration among the authorities, universities, private sectors, and the disaster management communities. The main purpose of the effort is to establish a strategic approach for disaster risk reduction through the implementation of an information flow and command system (Fig. 1). The technical system to support landslide disaster risk reduction has been developed since 2007, consisting of several technical components such as the instruments for a landslide early warning system, supported by the smart-grid for landslide hazard communication, monitoring, and early warning. Up to now, the real-time landslide monitoring and early warning has been developed and installed at 33 provinces in Indonesia by Universitas Gadjah Mada in cooperation with the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) and in Myanmar. The system comprises several sensors namely digital extensometer, wireless tiltmeter, inclinometer, automatic rainfall recorder, ultrasonic/Lidar water level sensor, and IP camera while other sensors such as pore water pressure and inclinometer sensors can be added. The collected data is sent point to point in a wireless network, radio frequency or satellite. The data is received by a field server, which functions are to receive, store, analyze and resend data to the central server, and decide when to inform early warning. In order to guarantee the effectiveness of the landslide early warning system, the developed system should be simple to operate and appropriately installed in the most suitable sites. Consequently, this system should include the incorporating technical and social approaches. The determination of early warning criteria is considered one of several involvements in the technical approach. The understanding on the cause and landslide disaster triggering mechanism is very crucial to establish an appropriate concept and method for monitoring and determining warning criteria for hazard prediction and risk assessment at the region.
The implementation of early warning systems is in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030. One of the four priorities of the Sendai Framework for Action emphasizes the improvement of preparedness in response to a disaster by carrying out a simple, low-cost early warning system and improving its dissemination. A new standard for community-based landslide early warning systems has been promoted to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) by Universitas Gadjah Mada, in corporation with the Indonesian Standardization Agency (BSN) and the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB). This standard has been published as ISO 22327:2018. The standard will serve to empower individuals and communities who are vulnerable to landslides to act in sufficient time in appropriate ways to reduce the possibility of injuries, loss of life and damage to property and the environment. It is designed to encourage communities to play a much more active role in their own protection. The guidelines adopted the concept of people-centered early warning system by UNISDR (2006) and will be used by communities vulnerable to landslides, and by government agencies and non-governmental organizations at central, provincial, municipality/district, sub-district, and village levels. The recommendations include: (1) Risk assessment; (2) Dissemination and communication; (3) Formation of disaster preparedness and response teams; (4) Development of evacuation maps; (5) Development of standard operating procedures; (6) Monitoring, early warning, and evacuation drills; (7) Commitment of the local authority and community to maintain the system (Fig. 2). After the publication of ISO 22327:2018, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has started to propose a general standard for multi-disasters early warning system that includes technical specifications for flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and other disasters. |
