| Abstrak/Abstract |
Paramphistomiasis, a neglected infectious disease affecting ruminants, leads to significant productivity losses.
The limitations of current antitrematodal agents and emerging anthelmintic resistance highlight the need for
alternative treatments, including those derived from medicinal plants. Pharmacological screening plays a crucial
role in the discovery and development of natural products for antiparamphistomiasis. This scoping review
summarises the methodological aspects used in pharmacological screening studies of medicinal plants for
antiparamphistomiasis. Eligible studies included original research articles involving in vitro, in vivo, and in silico
methodologies, published in English without year restrictions. Studies focusing on diagnostics, epidemiology,
synthetic agents, or feed supplementation were excluded. A systematic literature search was conducted in
PubMed and Scopus using the keywords Paramphistomum, pharmacological screening, and medicinal plant research.
The search, carried out between 11 December 2023 and 31 December 2024, identified 45 articles. Data were
extracted using standardised tables covering the test compound, methodological aspects (study design, assay
techniques, reporting standards), and study outcomes. A framework analysis categorised methodological element
into inputs, processes, and outputs. The findings revealed that the test compounds included plant extracts,
fractions, isolates, herbal preparations, and nanoparticles. Common screening methods included the Adult
Motility Assay (AMA), Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), and molecular docking. However, considerable
heterogeneity in study design, implementation, and reporting contributed to bias, particularly within in vivo
studies. The review highlights the need for more integrated and standardised research frameworks to advance
natural products as alternative therapies for antiparamphistomiasis. |
