| Abstrak/Abstract |
Natural gas is an increasingly important energy source to meet the world consumption demand, especially in the next decades because of its role as a transition energy in emission reduction programs. A conventional gas field was generally developed with utilized pipelines to deliver the natural gas to customers or capitalized the liquified natural gas (LNG) technology, whereas the gas is converted to the cryogenic liquid form to minimize its volume and transported by ship or truck to the customer facility. Some gas fields, which are called stranded gas fields, have small reserves, are far from the gas infrastructures or their markets, and have high-cost development and production, and gas venting. Because of the increasing gas demand, the stranded gas fields need to expand in order to overcome the challenge that they face to utilize. The selection of suitable technology to optimize the stranded gas is the main objection to utilize this energy for customers’ operations. In the present manuscript, the investigations and evaluations of previous studies of the infrastructure technologies to develop stranded gas fields were conducted, especially in using CNG, LNG, and GTL. The assessment includes the comparison of the infrastructure characteristics, implementation and project development, distance to market, economic parameters, and the environmental view point. CNG is a technology that is lower in capex, high in transportation costs with an optimal delivery distance of up to 2500 NM. LNG requires a high capex plant, has the best thermal efficiency with an optimal delivery distance from 2500 to 5000 NM. GTL is still in the development stage for small scale due to the high capex plant which potential implementation above 6000 NM. Qualitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the application of technology and the potential for future development. From the qualitative comparison, CNG is a technology with the lowest complexity with limited market flexibility, LNG is a medium complexity technology with an open market, and GTL is a technology with high complexity with the easiest market. |
